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Each of these relationships reflects a correlation. Which relationship most likely reflects correlation but not causation? $\newline$ Choices: $\newline$ (A) Drinking more milk is associated with consuming more calcium. $\newline$ (B) Drinking more hot chocolate is associated with consuming more gingerbread. $\newline$ (C) Drinking more orange juice is associated with consuming more vitamin C.

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Correlation and causation

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Q. Each of these relationships reflects a correlation. Which relationship most likely reflects correlation but not causation?

\newline

Choices:

\newline

(A) Drinking more milk is associated with consuming more calcium.

\newline

(B) Drinking more hot chocolate is associated with consuming more gingerbread.

\newline

(C) Drinking more orange juice is associated with consuming more vitamin C.

Calcium Consumption Analysis: Analyze the relationship of option (A): Does drinking more milk cause an increase in calcium consumption? The answer is Yes, as milk is a direct source of calcium, and consuming more milk will inherently increase calcium intake.
Gingerbread Consumption Analysis: Analyze the relationship of option (B): Does drinking more hot chocolate cause an increase in gingerbread consumption? The answer is No, as the consumption of hot chocolate does not cause one to consume more gingerbread. The two may be correlated due to a common context, such as both being popular during the winter holidays, but one does not cause the other.
Vitamin C Consumption Analysis: Analyze the relationship of option (C): Does drinking more orange juice cause an increase in vitamin C consumption? The answer is Yes, as orange juice is a direct source of vitamin C, and consuming more orange juice will inherently increase vitamin C intake.
Correlation vs. Causation: Finally, select the option that most likely reflects correlation but not causation. The answer is 'Drinking more hot chocolate is associated with consuming more gingerbread.' as the two may be correlated due to common context or seasonality, but one does not cause the other.

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