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Each of these relationships reflects a correlation. Which relationship most likely reflects correlation but not causation? $\newline$ Choices: $\newline$ (A) Drinking hot cocoa more often is associated with washing mugs more often. $\newline$ (B) Using a fireplace more often is associated with burning wood or gas more often. $\newline$ (C) Making snow forts more often is associated with ice skating more often.

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Correlation and causation

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Q. Each of these relationships reflects a correlation. Which relationship most likely reflects correlation but not causation?

\newline

Choices:

\newline

(A) Drinking hot cocoa more often is associated with washing mugs more often.

\newline

(B) Using a fireplace more often is associated with burning wood or gas more often.

\newline

(C) Making snow forts more often is associated with ice skating more often.

Analyze Relationship: Analyze the relationship of option (A): Does drinking hot cocoa cause one to wash mugs more often? While there is a correlation between drinking hot cocoa and washing mugs (since you need to wash the mug after using it), the act of drinking hot cocoa itself does not cause the mug to become dirty; it is the act of using the mug that necessitates washing. Therefore, this could be a case of correlation without causation.
Analyze Relationship: Analyze the relationship of option (B): Does using a fireplace cause burning wood or gas more often? The answer is Yes, as burning wood or gas is a direct result of using a fireplace. This suggests a causative relationship rather than just correlation.
Analyze Relationship: Analyze the relationship of option (C): Does making snow forts cause one to go ice skating more often? While these activities may both be more common in winter, one does not cause the other. This could be a case of correlation without causation, as both are likely related to the availability of snow and ice rather than one activity leading to the other.
Select Likely Option: Finally, select the option that most likely reflects correlation but not causation. Based on the analysis, option $(C)$ 'Making snow forts more often is associated with ice skating more often' is the most likely to reflect correlation without causation, as the two activities are related to the season rather than one causing the other.

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