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Each of these relationships reflects a correlation. Which relationship most likely reflects correlation but not causation? $\newline$ Choices: $\newline$ (A) More time spent in a library is associated with more time spent being quiet. $\newline$ (B) More time spent at a computer is associated with more time spent on the phone. $\newline$ (C) More time spent at school is associated with more time spent reading.

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Correlation and causation

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Q. Each of these relationships reflects a correlation. Which relationship most likely reflects correlation but not causation?

\newline

Choices:

\newline

(A) More time spent in a library is associated with more time spent being quiet.

\newline

(B) More time spent at a computer is associated with more time spent on the phone.

\newline

(C) More time spent at school is associated with more time spent reading.

Analyze Relationship of Option A: Analyze the relationship of the first option (A): Does spending more time in a library cause one to spend more time being quiet? It is likely that the library environment, which requires quietness, is the reason for both spending time there and being quiet. However, being in the library doesn't cause one to be quiet; it's the rules and social norms of the library that encourage quietness. Therefore, this could be a case of correlation without direct causation.
Analyze Relationship of Option B: Analyze the relationship of the second option (B): Does spending more time at a computer cause more time spent on the phone? These activities are not directly causing each other. It is possible that someone who works in an office environment might do both frequently, but one does not cause the other. This could be a case of correlation without direct causation.
Analyze Relationship of Option C: Analyze the relationship of the third option ( $C$ ): Does spending more time at school cause more time spent reading? It is likely that being at school involves activities that include reading, so there is a direct link between the time spent at school and the time spent reading. This could be a case of both correlation and causation.
Select Best Option: Finally, select the option that most likely reflects correlation but not causation. Based on the analysis, the best choice would be option (B) ＂More time spent at a computer is associated with more time spent on the phone,＂ as the activities are correlated due to similar environments or multitasking but one does not directly cause the other.

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