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Each of these relationships reflects a correlation. Which relationship most likely reflects correlation but not causation? $\newline$ Choices: $\newline$ (A) When people spend more time sleeping, they eat more chicken soup. $\newline$ (B) When people spend more time sleeping, they dream more. $\newline$ (C) When people spend more time sleeping, they spend more time lying down.

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Correlation and causation

Full solution

Q. Each of these relationships reflects a correlation. Which relationship most likely reflects correlation but not causation?

\newline

Choices:

\newline

(A) When people spend more time sleeping, they eat more chicken soup.

\newline

(B) When people spend more time sleeping, they dream more.

\newline

(C) When people spend more time sleeping, they spend more time lying down.

Analyze Relationship: Analyze the relationship of option (A): Does spending more time sleeping cause an increase in chicken soup consumption? The answer is likely No, as the consumption of chicken soup is not directly caused by the amount of sleep one gets. This could be a spurious correlation, where both sleeping more and eating chicken soup could be related to being sick, rather than one causing the other.
Correlation with Dreaming: Analyze the relationship of option (B): Does spending more time sleeping cause an increase in dreaming? The answer is Yes, there is a correlation because dreaming typically occurs during REM sleep, which can occur more frequently the longer one sleeps. However, this does not necessarily imply causation, as the relationship is part of the natural sleep cycle rather than one causing the other.
Correlation with Lying Down: Analyze the relationship of option (C): Does spending more time sleeping cause more time spent lying down? The answer is Yes, there is a correlation and it is also a direct causation because by definition, sleeping involves lying down. Therefore, the more time one spends sleeping, the more time they are lying down by necessity.
Select Likely Correlation: Finally, select the option that most likely reflects correlation but not causation. The answer is 'When people spend more time sleeping, they eat more chicken soup.' (A) because the relationship is likely coincidental or due to a third factor (such as being sick), rather than a direct cause-and-effect relationship.

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